![\"\"](\"https:\/\/virtualnimuzej.aspira.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/1-6.jpg\")
Split at the end of the 19th century (archive: Branka Bezi\u0107 Filipovi\u0107)<\/p><\/div>\n
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![\"\"](\"https:\/\/virtualnimuzej.aspira.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/2-8-600x437.jpg\")
\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0The market in Split in 1906 (archive: Branka Bezi\u0107 Filipovi\u0107)<\/p><\/div>\n
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Besides, it was impossible to keep up with modern improvements; many were still using sailing ships during the steamboat era and had not adapted to new conditions. Between the 18th and 19th centuries, there were 154 sailing ships in Mali Lo\u0161inj, and 41 of these were able to sail outside the Adriatic due to their larger size. They had an unattainable primacy in Austria between 1855 and 1870 because, at that time, about 1,400 seamen were sailing on Lo\u0161inj’s sailing ships. After that, the Lo\u0161inj merchant fleet began to shrink due to the increasingly fierce competition from steamboats.<\/p>\n
The Kozuli\u0107 family of Mali Lo\u0161inj were an exception who were able to keep up with modern improvements. This family started the family business in 1857 when Antonio Fortunato Kozuli\u0107 (1816 – 1884) built the Brick Fides, the first of four family sailing ships.<\/p>\n
His sons Fausto (1845-1908), Callisto (1847-1918), and Alberto (1949-1927) noticed that sailing ships were becoming a thing of the past and moved the business to Trieste. There they teamed up with relatives from Venice and bought a steamboat that they named Ellena Cosulich. As early as the following year, they had three iron ships, and by 1900 they had fifteen. Their steamboat company was called Fratelli Cosulich. After introducing a regular route to North America in 1902, they renamed it Austro-Americana (Unione Austriaca di Navigazione). By the end of World War II, the entire family had emigrated to Italy. The company exists to this today and operates for maritime and air transport. They advertise with the motto: \u2018\u2019Whether it is the sea, the land, or the air, trust someone who knows it all.\u2019\u2019<\/p>\n
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![\"\"](\"https:\/\/virtualnimuzej.aspira.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/3-7.jpg\")
Cosulich line advertisement (archive: Branka Bezi\u0107 Filipovi\u0107)<\/p><\/div>\n
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![\"\"](\"https:\/\/virtualnimuzej.aspira.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/4-5.jpg\")
4. Travel ticket of the Cosulich Line Co. (archive: the Franulovi\u0107 family from Argentina)<\/p><\/div>\n
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![\"\"](\"https:\/\/virtualnimuzej.aspira.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/2019-11-07-100900-300x195.jpg\")
\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 ![\"\"](\"https:\/\/virtualnimuzej.aspira.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/2019-11-07-100953-300x205.jpg\")
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Kozuli\u0107i su bili primjer obitelji koja se prilagodila novonastalim prilikama, ali nije sa svima bilo tako. Brojni brodovlasnici i pomorci propali su diljem cijele obale pa sve do Boke kotorske dokle je tada sezala Dalmacija. Tijekom 18. i 19. stolje\u0107a u Janjini na Pelje\u0161cu \u017eivjela je pomorsko-trgova\u010dka i brodovlasni\u010dka obitelj Bjelovu\u010di\u0107. Obitelj je dala tridesetak kapetana koji su plovili Sredozemljem pod hrvatskom zastavom. Nikola Veliki (1814. \u2013 1889.), Stjepan (1815. \u2013 1881.) i Nikola Mali (1820. \u2013 1878) osnovali su 1835. godine brodarsko dru\u0161tvo koje se zvalo Ro\u0111aci<\/em> Bjelovu\u010di\u0107<\/em>. Sjedi\u0161te dru\u0161tva bilo je u Janjini i imali su 27 jedrenjaka, koje su izgradili u brodogradili\u0161tima u Hrvatskom primorju, a nosili su imena Sklad,<\/em> Danica, Vila, Ljubirod, Zvonimir<\/em> i sli\u010dna, \u010dime su jasno izra\u017eavali pripadnost narodnom preporodu. Sin Nikole Malog, Stjepan Bjelovu\u010di\u0107 (1847. \u2013 1901.) bio je narodni zastupnik u Dalmatinskom saboru i na\u010delnik Janjine, koji je izgradio pristani\u0161te u luci Dra\u010de 1890. godine. Brodarsko dru\u0161tvo Ro\u0111aci Bjelovu\u010di\u0107<\/em> moralo se ugasiti 1895. godine, jer nisu bili konkurentni parobrodima. Tada su prodali zadnji jedrenjak Mati Ane<\/em>, a ostali su u brodarstvu samo kao dioni\u010dari prvih dubrova\u010dkih i pelje\u0161kih parobrodarskih dru\u0161tava.<\/p>\n U vrtlogu novih okolnosti stanovni\u0161tvo se po\u010delo stihijski iseljavati na sve strane svijeta. U razdoblju od 1899. do 1920. godine iz Dalmacije se iselilo 40 000 ljudi, poneseno pri\u010dama o zaradi.[6]\u00a0 Bila je mogu\u0107a, no ne i jednostavna, pa su kao i u svemu, uspijevali samo najja\u010di. U po\u010detku su se iseljavali mu\u0161karci u dobi od 18 do 30 godina, ali nije bila rijetkost da se me\u0111u njima na\u0111u i dje\u010daci od 13 \u201314 godina. Prvo se radilo za pre\u017eivjeti i isplatiti put, a poslije i za pomagati obitelj u starom kraju. Tako je na iseljenicima u dobroj mjeri le\u017ealo dalmatinsko gospodarstvo, \u0161to je ispo\u010detka izgledalo korisno, ali, prema rije\u010dima povjesni\u010dara Ljubomira Anti\u0107a, koristi su bile privremene, a \u0161tete dalekose\u017ene<\/em>.[7]<\/p>\n Vra\u0107alo ih se otprilike 30 % od kojih je manji broj do\u0161ao bogat, a ve\u0107ina bez ili s malo novaca. \u017dene koje su se iseljavale rje\u0111e su se vra\u0107ale, a naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e su bile nekvalificirane.<\/p>\n Mladi\u0107i su odlazili iz domovine i kako bi izbjegli vojni\u010dku du\u017enost koja je trajala pet godina pa su u slu\u010daju povratka bili podvrgnuti te\u0161kim kaznama jer su bili smatrani bjeguncima. Tu situaciju uspio je dijelom ubla\u017eiti Starogra\u0111anin, zastupnik Juraj Biankini, u kolovozu 1897. godine, podnose\u0107i rezoluciju u Dalmatinskom saboru i Carevinskom vije\u0107u u Be\u010du, u kojoj je molio da se podieli kraljevsko pomilovanje izseljenicim, kojima nije slobodan povratak radi vojni\u010dkih prekr\u0161aja, a prigodom<\/em> 50 godina vladanja Nj. V. cara i kralja Franje Josipa<\/em>.8]<\/p>\n Iseljavalo se mahom oto\u010dno i seosko stanovni\u0161tvo, a onda se krenulo i iz gradova. U Tr\u0161\u0107anskom Lloydu,<\/em> pod naslovom Izseljivanje,<\/em> 1905. godine pisalo je o odlascima iz Splita u kojemu je tada \u017eivjelo oko 19 000 stanovnika, a bio je podijeljen na Grad, Lu\u010dac i Veli Varo\u0161:<\/p>\n Do sad davao je Split vrlo neznatan broj izseljenika. Ove godine izselilo se iz Splita u deset posljednjih mjeseci preko 50 Spli\u0107ana, najvi\u0161e u sjevernu Ameriku. Izdano je u Splitu 440 putnica i matrikula kod mjestnog kotarskog poglavarstva u pro\u0161loj godini 1904. Do\u010dim je ove godine do konca t. mj. izdano ve\u0107 700 putnica.[9]<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n Prije dolaska u New York svi brodovi su pristajali na otok Ellis, gdje se doseljenike skidalo do gola, da ne bi imali nametnike i upisivalo ih se u knjige. U razdoblju od 32 godine, koliko se vodila evidencija, odnosno od 1892. do 1924., bilo je upisano preko 600 Spli\u0107ana. Istina je da je bilo dosta neto\u010dnih podataka, jer ih je skoro polovica bila iz splitske okolice, pa prava brojka iznosi 346.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Inmigrants arriving to New York from the book ”Le Capitali del Mondo” from 1896 (archive: Branka Bezi\u0107 Filipovi\u0107)<\/p><\/div>\n <\/p>\n The Kozulic family was able to adapt to new circumstances, but this was not the case with everyone. Numerous shipowners went out of business and seamen lost their jobs all along the Dalmatian coast, clear to the Bay of Kotor (today in Montenegro), which at that time was a part of Dalmatia. In the whirlwind of new social and economic circumstances, the population began to emigrate spontaneously to all parts of the world. From 1899 to 1920, 40,000 people emigrated from Dalmatia, driven by stories of better earnings elsewhere. There were many possibilities, most not easy, and as in everything, only the strongest succeeded.<\/p>\n Initially, men aged 18 to 30 emigrated, but it was not uncommon for boys aged 13-14 to be among them. First, they worked to survive, then to pay off the trip, and finally to help their families back home. Thus, the Dalmatian economy was mainly in the hands of the emigrants, which seemed helpful at first, but, according to historian Ljubomir Anti\u0107, the benefits were short-term and the damage long-term.<\/p>\n About 30% of them returned, out of which a small fraction had become wealthy, and most came back with little money. Women who emigrated were less likely to return and were most often unskilled.<\/p>\n Many young men left their homeland to avoid a five-year military service. If they returned, they were subjected to severe punishments because they were considered fugitives and they were punished even if they were citizens of other countries. Juraj Biankini, a citizen of Stari Grad, managed to alleviate this situation in August 1897 by submitting a resolution to the Dalmatian Parliament and the Imperial Council in Vienna. He pleaded for a royal pardon for emigrants who were not free to return due to their military offenses so that they can commemorate 50 years of His Highness the Emperor and King Francis Joseph’s reign.<\/p>\n Many of the island and village population emigrated, followed by others from the cities. In 1905, Split had a population of 19,000, and consisted of three areas \u2014 City, Lu\u010dac, and Veli Varo\u0161. In that same year, in the records of Trieste’s shipping company Lloyd, and under the title of Emigration, is written about departures from Split, as follows: \u201cSo far, Split has had a minimal number of emigrants. This year, over 50 citizens have emigrated from Split in the last ten months, mainly to North America. Four hundred forty travel and nautical documents were issued in Split by the local county government in 1904. By the end of this year and this current month, documents have been issued for seven hundred passengers.\u201d<\/p>\n Ships with emigrants heading for New York docked in either New York City or occasionally in New Jersey. The emigrants were all sent by barge to Ellis Island for proceeding. If body lice was suspected some of these people where asked to privately disrobe and their clothing was disinfected and return to them.<\/p>\n The written records for the emigrants were started in the port of departure, amended during the voyage, and given to the Ellis Island authorities upon arrival. According to those records, during 32 years, from 1892 to 1924, over 600 citizens from Split were enrolled. There was indeed a lot of inaccurate data because almost half of them were actually from places nearby Split, so the exact number is 346.<\/p>\n While many emigrants to Ellis Island declared that they were from Split but instead were from surrounding areas, the residents of Split themselves expressed their place of birth and national affiliation in various ways. At the time of these records, Dalmatia was ruled by Italy on behalf of Austria, so Split was in most cases written in Italian as Spalato Austria, Spatato, Lpalato, or Spoloto. It was the incorrect reading of the manuscripts that caused these differences. Some passengers stated that they were from Split or Spljet. Many of them stated that they were from Veli Varos or Lucac, so for example, it said Veli Varos S.H.S. or Lucac Austria. Split was most often written as a city in Austria, sometimes in Hungary, and later in the Kingdom of SHS and Yugoslavia. According to the Archives of Ellis’s island, most Split residents emigrated in the year 1907, where between the ages of 20 and 30, and a third were women.<\/p>\n In the late 19th and early 20th century, migrations were common throughout Europe. Despite the majority of the population being illiterate, newspapers played a significant role in informing the population. In Split in 1891, Pu\u010dki list began publication and with topics for peasant. After only two years, it had numerous subscribers worldwide and 300 from New Zealand. The emigrants wrote letters to the editor Juraj Kapi\u0107, asking whether the Wine Clause would be abolished, and he published those letters in almost every issue. Communication worked both ways, so Kapi\u0107 also published questions from Dalmatians to emigrants. They mostly referred to those who had not written home for years, where were they and whether they were alive at all.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n In the late 19th and early 20th century, migrations were common throughout Europe. Despite the majority of the population being illiterate, newspapers played a significant role in informing the population. In Split in 1891, Pu\u010dki list began publication and with topics for peasant. After only two years, it had numerous subscribers worldwide and 300 from New Zealand. The emigrants wrote letters to the editor Juraj Kapi\u0107, asking whether the Wine Clause would be abolished, and he published those letters in almost every issue. Communication worked both ways, so Kapi\u0107 also published questions from Dalmatians to emigrants. They mostly referred to those who had not written home for years, where were they and whether they were alive at all.<\/p>\n Also in 1891, Ivan Lupis Vuki\u0107, who lived in North and South America for a while, and eventually in Split and who can be considered our first correspondent from America, published an article entitled Instructions For Our Emigrants in which he writes: Ever since the English government prohibited our people from entering New Zealand, everyone swarmed into North America. Many of them, not having enough money to travel further, went to New York. That seems to be a big mistake because since New York is the central landing place for immigrants, thousands stop there, making job opportunities scarce. There are always more workers than work. The poor immigrant, therefore, faces disaster. All this does not necessarily apply to those who have family or good friends in New York, but whoever goes there and has no one there of his own should move further on.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Ivan Lupis Vuki\u0107 (archive of the Lupis\/Pilkovi\u0107 family)<\/p><\/div>\n <\/p>\n Lupis then gives two, in his view, essential tips:<\/p>\n 1. When you disembark in New York, and they ask what your nationality is, always answer: I am a Croat. This way, it will be known how many Croatian people came to America during the year, and they will not unknowingly include us among the Austrians, Hungarians, Slovenes, etc. Furthermore, do not forget that you are always proud of your beloved Croatian name in America and your homeland, and tell everyone that you are a Croat. Americans love people who honor others but also proudly honor their own. Poturica is also hated in Turkey. Why should we celebrate and spread a name that is not ours when we have our own?<\/em><\/p>\n 2. In the last Pu\u010dki List, I said that our brothers in North America have about 200 support societies or organizations. All these societies are united in one large collective or cooperative called: the People’s Croatian Community. The societies’ purpose is to help our brothers – the members\u2014 in sickness and misfortune or after the death of their wives, children, and families. For example, when a member falls ill, he has free medical care and medicine, and while he is ill, his brothers will always come to visit him. If he dies, his family receives $800 from the Croatian community, which is 4,000 crowns in our money, followed by a fitting Christian burial while escorted by his brothers to the grave.<\/em><\/p>\n So listen, folks! I have been all over the world, so I know how it is. If you can live at home, then do not be greedy. If, on the other hand, trouble pushes you to go out into the world, make it clear and say without fear that you are Croatian, enroll in Croatian societies and the Croatian National Community.<\/p>\n Pu\u010dki list reflected on other emigrant nations’ experiences, and the editor would get asked for advice on whether to emigrate somewhere or not. Interestingly, he always responded but also dissociated himself, and it was evident that, like Lupis, he did not want to encourage emigration.<\/p>\n Business people of the time quickly realized that transporting emigrants could be a good source of income. It became an organized business where boat companies had advertising in newspapers, representative offices, and employed agents all over the coast, in Zagreb, and even in Donja Lendava . For a down payment of 10 forints , passengers would be escorted from the train station to the ship or to their accommodation, making the down payment well worth it to avoid getting lost in an unknown, foreign port.<\/p>\n Passengers were able to depart from German ports such as Hamburg and Bremen or the French port of L’Havre. Because many people were coming to these ports from various places, they sometimes had to undergo quarantine or medical examinations.<\/p>\n Most Dalmatians who moved to another country departed from the port of Genoa. Many Italians also went to Argentina for seasonal work at harvest time, and after six months, they would return home to harvest in Italy. In this way, they took advantage of the benefits of different seasons of the two hemispheres. Croats, and perhaps some other European nations, followed in their footsteps.<\/p>\n For this purpose, the so-called Emigrant Home for Third Class Passengers was built in Genoa but collapsed in 1930. It was a five-story building that housed 250 people. First, half the ceiling on the third floor collapsed, and shortly afterward, the entire building collapsed. In the accident, 40 people lost their lives, many ended up injured, and the blame fell on the steamboat companies that maintained the building poorly.<\/p>\n Quarantines and medical examinations slowed down the journey, which could drag on for months due to the distance and slow transportation. It was a traumatic experience nevertheless, especially for women. Going to South America was not any different either. Ships from Genoa mainly docked in Buenos Aires – the door to that immense continent. Some docked in the Brazilian port of Santos, from where they traveled by train to Sao Paulo. There was a hotel at the train station where medical examinations were performed and also the possibility of free accommodation. The dormitories were, in fact, large halls, meaning no privacy, and a person could stay there for one week. In Brazil, the only option was to work on coffee plantations, and this job was unpaid; workers would only receive food in the manner of slavery. Emigrants who fully experienced this were those from Prigradica (the port of Blato as it is on the mainland) on the island of Kor\u010dula who went to Brazil in search of a better life. About seventy families left Blato at the same time on April 21, 1925. <\/p>\n Sao Paulo, Emigration Musem in the building of the old railway station (photo by Branka Bezi\u0107 Filipovi\u0107)<\/p><\/div>\n <\/p>\n Replica of a dormitory in the Sao Paulo Emigration Museum (photo by Branka Bezi\u0107 Filipovi\u0107)<\/p><\/div>\n <\/p>\n Advertisements for trips to distant destinations have been all over the newspapers since the early 20th century. Everything looked great in the advertisements, and many fraudsters took advantage of this, took people’s money, and then disappeared. Emigrants traveled third class, which did not meet the expectations derived from the commercials. There were many riots, and therefore complaints.<\/p>\n Ivan Lupis Vuki\u0107 traveled with his father by boat to New York in 1891, when he wrote: \u2018\u2019I still remember the ship. Her name was Columbia. Back then, the emigrants were transported like cattle. We were placed in a “group” of 16 passengers on the steamboat, somewhere at the ship’s bottom. Each group had one dish that they would use when they took food from the kitchen, and then you had to wash the dishes and plates on your own. Once a storm hit and most of the passengers became seasick. The area in the boat where the emigrants were, became an absolute hell of vomit and stench. Today, third-class travelers travel like true gentlemen in comparison to how emigrants traveled at that time.\u2019\u2019<\/p>\n Vicko Jurjevi\u0107 from Split described his journey and experience with travel agents for the Zadar newspaper Narodni list on June 30, 1908: \u2018\u2019When we arrived in Hamburg, they locked us in a tavern and did not let us out; then they asked us each for three crowns for food. The next day at 11 o’clock, the agent led us to the unfortunate steamboat Pretoria, which took us to America. There were 1,200 women on board and over 2,000 men. We were overcrowded, and the agent tricked us. Earlier he told us, if we paid 132 forints each, we would arrive in 14 days, and if we were patient enough to travel for 18 days, we would get a better price. We all unanimously said that we do not mind spending more in order to arrive faster. Then the agent took our money – damn him! – and fooled us to think that we would have good food. If there are any issues – he assured us – he will return our money, but this was promised to us verbally, and he did not give us anything in writing, so it was impossible to track him down later.\u2019\u2019<\/p>\n \u2018\u2019Now let me tell you what our food was like. In the morning, we had very bitter coffee. Then we were given soup at noon, covered in worms with pieces of horse meat, and for the side dish, unpeeled and unwashed potatoes. No bread or wine. We were disgusted, so we threw that stinky food into the sea. For dinner, they gave us fish, which is called renga and is so salty. They took it out of the barrel and put the uncleaned fish in front of us as if we were animals. Worms covered the fish… Luckily, they gave us some bread for dinner. Not only was there no wine, but also no water. If you wanted to, you could buy a quarter-liter of beer for 40 forints in the canteen.\u2019\u2019<\/p>\n The journey from Genoa to Buenos Aires, according to the story of Miho Molja\u0161 from Dol near Dubrovnik:<\/p>\n \u2018\u2019We slept in rooms with 20-30 beds, one above the other, and a wooden fence separated us from the other passengers. We all ate in the same room at a long table without a tablecloth. Each passenger had a tin plate and a glass in front of them. The first days we ate bread that was baked in Genoa, and then we would get these hard “cakes” that could not be broken by hand. In the morning, we would get hot diluted coffee. The waiters would bring food to the table for everyone, and we would serve ourselves. Lunch usually consisted of soup and horse meat with a side dish of potatoes. There was no wine or tea, only water. All of us washed with cold water in one place. During the trip, which lasted about twenty days, we slept in our suits, and there was no possibility to do laundry, nor could we change into clean clothes.\u2019\u2019<\/p>\n Emigrants often used newspapers to express their dissatisfaction. Thus, in 1924, the Split newspaper Novo Doba published an entire correspondence entitled The lawsuits of emigrants going to Australia, who wrote about the Banac and Rusko companies’ poor services. It often happened that companies would sell more tickets than there was room for on the ship, so they made people board other ships whether they wanted to or not.<\/p>\n People emigrated from all over the country, but Dalmatia was in the lead. The coastal people were familiar and comfortable with the sea, and they were skilled in sailing and fishing. They applied and adapted their knowledge in other parts of the world and in much more demanding seas. Some even found new seaways with ease and taught others how to cope with the sea. Among them were sailors, fishermen, shipbuilders, officers in the navies of other states. We must not ignore the fact that our people, although illiterate, were also inventors in the field of fisheries thinking about how to make things easier for themselves and others. The first generation had to pave the way everywhere. However, for the most part, they did not regret educating their children, so we find Croatian traces in many places in the world and various spheres of society from culture, education, medicine, various forms of science, business, politics…<\/p>\n Branka Bezi\u0107 Filipovi\u0107, author Croatia is distinctly an emigrant country. An estimate is that from the 1870s until the First World War, about 14 percent of the population emigrated. In the following periods, the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[38],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5152","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ostalo-en"],"yoast_head":"\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/virtualnimuzej.aspira.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/5-7-600x337.jpg\")
\nDuring the 18th and 19th centuries, the Bjelovu\u010di\u0107 maritime-merchant and shipowner family lived in Janjina on Pelje\u0161ac. About thirty captains from this family sailed the Mediterranean under the Croatian flag. Nikola Veliki (1814 – 1889), Stjepan (1815 – 1881), and Nikola Mali (1820 – 1878) founded a boat company in 1835 called Rodjaci Bjelovu\u010di\u0107. The company’s headquarters was in Janjina, and they had 27 sailing ships, which they built various in shipyards on the Croatian coast. The ships carried names such as Sklad, Danica, Vila, Ljubirod, and Zvonimir, which clearly expressed their affiliation with the national revival. Nikola Mali’s son, Stjepan Bjelovu\u010di\u0107 (1847-1901), was a member of the Dalmatian Parliament and the mayor of Janjina, who built a port in the harbor of Dra\u010de in 1890. The boat company Rodjaci Bjelovu\u010di\u0107 had to be closed down in 1895, as they could not compete with steamboats. They sold the last sailing ship Mati Ana, and they remained in this business only as shareholders of the first Dubrovnik and Pelje\u0161ac steamboat companies.<\/p>\n
\nEver since this damned clause affected us, our people from Dalmatia have started to move in growing numbers to the distant world, to earn their daily bread there, since the same is being taken relentlessly from one’s mouth here at home. They are ruthless, and since they demand to take our taxes and blood at home, they need to provide us with a way to earn our livelihood in return. The highest injustice is our livelihood being taken away. It is not for the poor man to lament or to participate in futile lawsuits. He wants to earn his daily bread and wants to live, and when he does not have that at home, he goes out into the world.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/virtualnimuzej.aspira.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/6-6.jpg\")
\nLet\u2019s take a journey of Marulina Boskovic who traveled from Selca (in the mainland) on the island of Bra\u010d to the Pacific coast of America between the two wars. She started the journey early in the morning by walking to the port of Sumartin and then getting on a boat to Makarska. From Makarska, she went by boat to Split and from there by train to Belgrade to get a passport. After that, she traveled from Belgrade by train to Hamburg to travel to New York by boat. In New York, quarantine and medical examinations on Ellis Island followed, and then a train ride across America to the other coast. This journey was costly and many people starved themselves or ate very little most of the way.<\/p>\n
\nNot knowing what awaited them, they readily accepted the Brazilian government’s offer, for paymanet for travel expenses. Through time it became known what was going on there, so the Kingdom of SHS’s government banned traveling to Brazil. Today, the Sao Paulo train station accommodation building has been converted into the Museum of Emigration.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/virtualnimuzej.aspira.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/7-5-600x337.jpg\")
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/virtualnimuzej.aspira.hr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/8-5-600x400.jpg\")
\nPetra Filipovi\u0107, translator
\nSponsored by Juroslav Buljuba\u0161i\u0107, Honorary Consul of the Republic of Chile<\/p>\n
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